Durandlinjen Δ
är den gränsdragning i Hindu Kush, vilken överenskoms i
Durandfördraget 1893, och som fortfarande utgör gränsen
mellan Afganistan och Pakistan. Avtalet skrevs under av
härskaren i Kabul för Afganistan och av dåvarande
vicekonungen uti Brittiska Indien!
Hur som helst så medförde kriget 1878-80 att
området bebott av Pashtunstammen delades tvärsigenom
av Durand. "The tribal area was divided
into roughly equal spheres of influence". På den
brittisk-indiska sidan (nuvarande pakistanska sidan)
förekom sen flera stamuppror men inga alls på den
afganska sidan. Folket som bodde där erkände aldrig
gränsen, de hade inte behov av någon gräns där mr
Durand drog den.
Att Pastunerna egentligen bort få ett eget land — står väl numera klart för de flesta?
From wikipedia:
"...The single-page agreement which contains seven short
articles was signed by H. M. Durand and Amir Abdur Rahman
Khan, agreeing not to exercise interference beyond the
frontier line between Afghanistan and what was then
colonial British India (now Pakistan).[1] A joint
British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from
1894, covering some 800 miles of the border.[2][3] The
resulting Durand Line established the "Great Game" buffer
zone between British and Russian interests in the
region.[4] This poorly marked border cuts through the
Pashtun tribal area and lies in one of the most dangerous
places in the world.[5][6][7] Although shown on most maps
as the western international border of Pakistan, it is
unrecognized by Afghanistan. ..." Note that it "cuts
through the Pashtun tribal area." Standard imperial
practice: create a "national" border that breaks up or
disrupts long-established tribal relationships, fomenting
dissension and hostilities. If the Durand Line "is
unrecognized by Afghanistan," for the Pashtun it is mere
fiction. Thus the "porous" "border" between Pakistan and
Afghanistan; for the Pashtun there is no such "border."
(We find similar issues in "Kurdistan" involving at least
THREE "nations" having significant Kurdish minorities. It
would seem that most Kurds seek their own nation, a fact
that makes for continuous tension to which pressure points
may be applied at will in many circumstances. (Some argue
that the imperialists who created these synthetic borders
were just ignorant of the relevant cultures; others argue
that it was intentional so as to retain levers of power in
the relevant regions.)
You be the judge. -30-
Login or register to post comments report this comment glenn ford August 29th, 2010 9:32 am
Uppdatering juni 2007
humaniteinenglish.com/
Bilder från år 2001 | Karta över Tora Bora | Ned | Upp
Björn Kumm har en välskriven och uppdaterad,
kort om landet
Afghanistan — på svenska
förstås!
Afghanistan. Die Koinzidenz der Ereignisse /Manhattan/ und die Hinweise auf den gleichen Urheber werfen ein grelles Licht auf das grosse Verhängnis Afghanistans: Ausgebeutet von der Kolonialmacht Grossbritannien, gedemütigt von russischen Besetzern, zerstört von kriegslüsternen Stammesfürsten und schliesslich erobert von fanatischen im benachbarten Pakistan ausgebildeten Islamisten steht das bitterarme Gebirgsland heute im Brennpunkt des blutigen Konfliktes zwischen den Gross- und Supermächten und einem global operierenden Terror-Netzwerk, dass der halben Welt im Namen Allahs den Krieg erklärt hat.
Dass Bin Laden den Angelpunkt der aktuellen Eskalation darstellt, ist dabei keineswegs Zufall. Der reiche saudische Erbe und skrupellose Fanatiker ist genau jene Schlüsselfigur, die wie keine andere die verhängnisvolle Verstrickung Afghanistans in die Weltpolitik dokumentiert. Die Taten Bin Ladens und seiner Anhänger sind nicht zuletzt auch ein Preis für die Skrupellosigkeit, mit der die beiden Supermächte während des Kalten Krieges das Volk der Afghanen für ihre Zwecke instrumentalisierten.
USA:s krig är ett brott
återigen bombar världens rikaste
och mäktigaste nation . . .
Så skriver Erik Wijk
i en ledare ...
Rudolf Augstein — Der Spiegel om bombningar i november 2001
Only justice, not bombs, can make our dangerous world a safer place
By Robert Fisk
We have gone on smashing away at the human rights we trumpeted at the Russians - and the Arabs - during the Cold War. We have perhaps fatally weakened all those provisions that were written into our treaties and conventions in the aftermath of the Second World War to make the world a safer place. And we claim we are winning.
Källa: www.informationclearinghouse
USA:s alla krig är brottslighet utan motstycke!
Aktuellt 2 dec 2008
The current US thinking leans towards equipping select
Pashtun tribes to fight the Taliban and al-Qaeda. It is a
controversial move that worries the Pakistani military, as
it might ignite violence in the Pashtun regions inside
Pakistan and fuel the Pashtunistan demand.
Besides, Obana has bluntly warned that he would get the US
Special Forces to strike inside the Pakistani territory if
the security situation warranted. Such moves will be
seen by the Pakistani military as a humiliating slap on its
face. [ ... ]
What is more disconcerting for the Pakistani military is
the likelihood that Obana's "exit strategi" will emphasize
the rapid build-up of a 134,000-strong Afghan national
army. [ ... ]
However, the law of diminishing returns begins to work for
the Pakistani military once an Afghan national army gains
traction. Indeed, an Afghan army will, most certainly, be
led by ethnic Tajik officers. [ ... ] more at
www.atimes.com
A comment aug 2010
How come nobody ever mentions the Durand Line, or the Durand Line Agreement?
The Tourist Map I have from the early 70's labels the
Pakistan side of the border as Pastunstan. The Afghans
Parliment has officially rejected the Durand Line
because:
1. It was coerced under the threat of continued military
aggression.
2. It was cosigned by an entity that no longer exists
British India.
Socialism, Afghanistan swung from a Benign Parlimentary
Monarchy to Socialism though a series of coups. It was
exactly when a progressive socialist government was
implementing Gender and Agrarian equity that the USA armed
rebelling regressive reactionaries. Settting in motion
twenty years of massive warfare. And it was exactly when
the Taliban ended twenty years of warfare and pacified
Afghanistan that the USA attacked and initiated another
decade of (and still counting) warfare. Asphalt, the
Russians provided asphalt also and one of the longest
highest tunnels in the world linking Kabul with the Soviet
Union. As the Soviets retreated through this miles long
intermitent tunnel, the Mujahdeen RPGed a petrol tanker at
the head of the column in the tunnel and proceded to
massacre much of the miles long convoy. Sorta like when
they slaughtered all but one soldier in the second invasion
by the British as the entire British army retreated enmass.
Christianity, Remember events often have many causes, and
the cabbie slasher was a missionary embedded with the
invaders. "Vanity Fair" had an expose' on the fanatical
Christian group that many Politicians join when they arrive
in DC.
transumt: Commondreams aug 2010